Current and past factors affecting the quality of aging in a sample of Spanish elderly.

Aging is a multifactorial process influenced by both biological and sociocultural factors. The objective of this study was to identify current and past factors with an impact on the quality of aging in a sample of people 65 years of age or older born in the postwar period after the Spanish civil war. Socioeconomic, health, anthropometric, and food consumption data were collected in public Leisure Centers for the elderly in Madrid. The sample consists of 587 people (64.6% women), with a mean age of 71.8 ±5.3 years. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines regarding what is considered Healthy Aging, an index called the Index of Quality of Aging was calculated from four variables: the Mini Mental State Examination score, perception of health, satisfaction with life and the number of diseases that affect daily life. Another index called the Diet Inflammation Index was created based on the inflammatory or anti-inflammatory potential of different foods. The Index of Quality of Ageing was used as a dependent variable in linear regression models for men and women. Differences by gender were observed in the factors that influence the quality of aging. Education had a positive influence on men quality of ageing while it does not on women. In these, a relationship between the quality of the current diet and the quality of aging was observed.

Ultra-processed foods: Cross-sectional and longitudinal association with uric acid and hyperuricemia in ELSA-Brasil.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Food intake influences uric acid (UA) levels and hyperuricemia (HU), but evidence on the role of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are scarce. The association between UPFs consumption and (1) HU prevalence and UA levels; (2) HU cumulative incidence; and (3) UA level change over a 4-year period was investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were performed using baseline (2008-2010, aged 35-74 years) and second visit (2012-2014) data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Participants with glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, bariatric surgery, implausible caloric intake, and using urate-lowering therapy (ULT) at baseline were excluded (all analyses). Participants with HU at baseline were excluded from longitudinal analyses. UPFs consumption was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and categorized by the NOVA classification system (100 g/day). HU was defined as UA≥6.8 mg/dL. Linear, logistic, and mixed-effect linear regressions investigated the associations between UPFs consumption and UA/HU, adjusted for covariates. The final samples included 13,923 (cross-sectional) and 10,517 (longitudinal) individuals. The prevalence of HU was 18.7%, and the cumulative incidence was 4.9%. Greater UPFs consumption was associated with a greater prevalence of HU (OR:1.025 95%CI: 1.006; 1.044) and higher UA levels (ß:0.024 95%CI: 0.016; 0.032). Every additional consumption of 100 g/day of UPFs raised the 4-year cumulative incidence of HU by 5.6% (95%CI: 1.021; 1.092). However, UPFs were not associated with the pace of UA level changes during the study period. CONCLUSION: The present study shows that greater UPFs consumption is associated with another deleterious health consequence: higher UA levels and the risk of having HU.

Food insecurity and malnutrition in older adults from the Family Health Strategy in the Northeast of Brazil / Inseguridad alimentaria y desnutrición en adultos mayores de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia del nordeste brasileño

Introduction: Food insecurity (FI) is a state characterized by instability and irregularity of access to food. This condition has negative impacts on dietary intake, affecting nutritional status and health condition. Objective: To evaluate the association between malnutrition and FI among communitydwelling older adults attended to under the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted using communitydwelling older adults attended to under the FHS in the municipality of Barreiras, in Bahia, Brazil. Between 2017 e 2018, we collected demographic, social, economic, health condition, lifestyle, anthropometric, and food consumption data. We evaluated nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and we assessed FI with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). Besides the chi-squared test, we carried out a binary logistic regression to verify the association between malnutrition and FI, adjusted for possible confounding factors. The significance level was p<0.05. Results: We evaluated 307 older adults with a mean age of 70.4 (±7.5 years). The prevalence of malnutrition/risk of malnutrition was 35.2% and that of FI was 63.5%. Households with older adults in moderate/severe FI presented almost three times more chance (OR 2.97; CI95% 1.37-6.44) of having malnutrition compared with those in food security. Conclusions: The study indicates that there is an association between household FI and malnutrition/risk of malnutrition among older adults from the FHS, especially among those in severe FI. This result attributes to FI the status of determinant of malnutrition in older adults within the context investigated(AU)

Introducción: La inseguridad alimentaria (IA) es un estado caracterizado por la inestabilidad e irregularidad en el acceso a los alimentos. Esta condición tiene impactos negativos en la ingesta de alimentos, afectando el estado nutricional y la condición de salud. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre desnutrición e IA en adultos mayores comunitarios atendidos en la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF). Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con ancianos de comunidad atendidos en la ESF del municipio Barreiras, Bahía, Brasil. Entre 2017 y 2018, se recolectaron datos demográficos, sociales, económicos, condición de salud, estilo de vida, antropométricos y de consumo de alimentos. El estado nutricional se evaluó por la Mini Evaluación Nutricional (MEN) y la IA con la Escala Brasilera de Inseguridad Alimentaria (EBIA). Además de la prueba de chi-cuadrado, se realizó una regresión logística binaria para verificar la asociación entre desnutrición e IA, ajustada para posibles factores de confusión. El nivel de significancia fue p<0,05. Resultados: Fueron evaluados 307 ancianos, con una edad media de 70,4 (±7,5 años). La prevalencia de desnutrición/riesgo de desnutrición fue de 35,2% y la de IA de 63,5%. Los hogares con adultos mayores en IA moderada/grave presentaron casi tres veces más chance (OR 2,97; IC95% 1,37-6,44) de tener desnutrición en comparación con aquellos en Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional. Conclusiones: El estudio apunta que existe asociación entre la IA domiciliaria y desnutrición/ riesgo de desnutrición entre los ancianos de la ESF, especialmente entre aquellos con IA severa. Este resultado atribuye a la IA un estatus de determinante de la desnutrición en ancianos en el contexto investigado(AU)

Actividad física, comportamiento sedentario y factores asociados en adultos brasileños / Atividade física, comportamento sedentário e fatores associados em adultos brasileiros / Physical activity, sedentary behavior and associated factors in Brazilian adults

Introducción: en las últimas décadas se han producido cambios en el patrón de comportamiento humano, dando como resultado que la población se mueva menos y permanezca más tiempo sentada. La práctica de actividad física (AF) ofrece beneficios para la salud pero no puede compensar el tiempo empleado en hábitos de comportamiento sedentario. Objetivo: evaluar la AF, el comportamiento sedentario y sus factores asociados en adultos de una institución pública de educación en Espírito Santo (Brasil). Métodos: se analizaron 200 individuos (20-59 años) empleando dos dominios del International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) versión larga, el primero de estos referente a recreación, deporte, ejercicio y AF de ocio; el segundo, evaluando el tiempo que estos permanecen sentados. Resultados: se observó que las personas activas pasan tanto tiempo sentadas como las personas inactivas, y que las personas con edad más avanzada tienen un tiempo de AF menor y más probabilidades de estar inactivas en comparación con las más jóvenes. Aquellos que están más tiempo frente a dispositivos de pantalla tienen mayor probabilidad de pasar más tiempo sentados. Los participantes con mayor escolaridad tuvieron mayores medias de tiempo en posición de sentado y tiempo de pantalla. Conclusión: las personas mayores tienen menos tiempo para realizar AF en comparación con individuos más jóvenes, así como mayor probabilidad de permanecer inactivas. Los individuos considerados activos presentaron el mismo tiempo en posición de sentado que los inactivos.

Introdução: nas últimas décadas, o padrão comportamental humano tem mudado, fazendo com que a população se movimente menos e permaneça mais tempo sentada. A prática de atividade física oferece benefícios à saúde, mas pode não compensar o tempo dispendido em atividades de comportamento sedentário. Objetivo: avaliar a atividade física, o comportamento sedentário e seus fatores associados em adultos de uma instituição pública de ensino do Espírito Santo (Brasil). Métodos: foram analisados 200 indivíduos (20-59 anos). Utilizou-se de dois domínios do International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) versão longa, o primeiro refere-se à atividade física de recreação, esporte, exercício e de lazer, e o segundo avalia tempo gasto sentado. Resultados: observou-se que indivíduos ativos passam tanto tempo sentado quanto os inativos, e que os indivíduos mais velhos apresentaram menor tempo de atividade física e têm mais chances de serem inativos quando comparados aos mais jovens. Já os que dispendem mais tempo com dispositivos de tela têm maiores chances de passar mais tempo sentado. Os participantes de maior escolaridade apresentaram maiores médias de tempo sentado e tempo de tela. Conclusão: os indivíduos comidade mais avançada apresentam menor tempo de prática de atividade física quando comparados aos mais jovens e apresentam mais chances de serem inativos. Os indivíduos considerados ativos apresentaram o mesmo tempo sentado que os inativos.

Introduction: In recent decades, changes in the human behavioral pattern have caused the population to move less and stay longer in a sitting position. Physical activity offershealth benefits but may not compensate for the time spent on sedentary behavior activities. Objective: To evaluate physical activity, sedentary behavior and its associated factors in adults of a public educational institution in Espírito Santo (Brazil). Methods: A total of 200 individuals (aged 20 to 59) in a federal educational institution of Espírito Santo (Brazil) were studied using two domains of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), extended version. The first of these domains refers to the recreation, sport, exercise and leisure physical activity, while the second evaluates the time spent in a sitting position. Results: Active individuals spend as much time in a sitting position as inactive subjects. Besides, older individuals recorded shorter physical activity time and are more likely to be inactive when compared to younger subjects. Those who spend more time in front of screen devices are more likely to remain more time sitting. Participants with higher education recorded higher average sitting time and screen time. Conclusion: Older individuals have less time to practice physical activity when compared to younger people and they are more likely to remain inactive. Individuals considered as active showed the same sitting time as inactive participants.

Determinantes da pressão arterial elevada em crianças: um estudo caso-controle em área rural do Espírito Santo / Determinación de la presión arterial alta en niños: un estudio caso-control en zona rural del Espírito Santo / Determinants of high blood pressure in children: a case-control study in a rural area of the Espírito Santo State

Objective: this study aims to identify and analyze the predictor factors of the occurrence of High Blood Pressure (HBP) in children aged from 7 to 10 years old from a rural municipality in Espírito Santo State. Methods: The subjects were divided into two groups, as follows: cases (SBP or DBP ≥ P95) and controls (BP < P90). The subjects were paired by sex and age. The sampling has been built from subject random selection, where were evaluated 395 children, 79 cases and 316 controls. Results: The prevalence of overweight in the cases was 8.9% and 11.1% in controls; the sedentary lifestyle was present in 88.1% of the cases and 87.9% of the controls; the average screen time was 97.7 minutes and106.6 minutes per day in cases and controls, respectively. Conclusion: It has been observed the need to create public policies aimed at health promotion in order to vulnerable groups can be receiving assistance since childhood.

Objetivo: identificar e analisar os fatores preditores da ocorrência da pressão arterial elevada em crianças de 7 a 10 anos de um município rural no Espírito Santo. Métodos: Foram constituídos dois grupos de estudo: os casos (PAS ou PAD ≥ P95) e os controles (PA

Objetivo: identificar y analizar los factores predictivos de la aparición de la hipertensión arterial en niños de 7 a 10 años de un municipio rural en el Espírito Santo. Métodos: Se construyeron dos grupos: los casos (PAS o PAD ≥ 95) y controles (PA

Binge eating, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors in participants of the ELSA-Brazil.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the relationship between recurrent binge eating episodes and nutritional and food profiles and lifestyle in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto - ELSA-Brazil) cohort. RESULTS: Recurrent binge eating episodes were associated with obesity (OR 5.188; confidence interval [CI] 4.051-6.645), overweight (OR 2.534; CI 1.980-3.243), female sex (OR 1.918; CI 1.573-2.338), age between 34 and 54 years old (OR 1.349; CI 1.115-1.631), alcohol ingestion ≥ 5 in two hours (OR 1.397; CI 1.068-1.827), and insufficient physical activity (OR 1.290; CI 1.078-1.544). CONCLUSION: Being overweight has an important association with recurrent binge eating episodes, as does demographic and lifestyle characteristics, including excessive alcohol consumption.

[RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PATTERNS OF BREASTFEEDING AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN BRAZILIAN AND SPANISH SCHOOLCHILDREN]. / RELACIÓN ENTRE PATRONES DE LACTANCIA MATERNA Y TENSIÓN ARTERIAL EN ESCOLARES BRASILEÑOS Y ESPAÑOLES.

INTRODUCTION: the relationship between early feeding and blood pressure in later life is still uncertain and sometimes contradictory. Some studies point to the protective effect of breastfeeding on cardiovascular disease, while others do not obtain conclusive results. OBJECTIVES: the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between breastfeeding patterns during the first months of life and blood pressure in childhood, in two samples of children from two populations with different socio-cultural characteristics, controlling for quality feeding in infancy. METHODS: the study, with a transversal and retrospective design, was conducted with 492 schoolchildren aged between 8 and 10 years, it consists of two samples, both collected from public schools, one in Madrid (Spain) and one in Vitoria, Espirito Santo (Brazil). RESULTS: ninety percent of the sample was breastfed, 196 (44.2%) from Madrid and 247 (55.7%) from Vitória/ES. The average duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in Madrid was 12.89 weeks (std = 9.6) and in Vitória/ES, 22.00 weeks (std = 13.4), with statistically significant differences. The mean values of systolic and dyastolic blood pressure, were significantly higher in the Brazilian sample. The prevalences of borderline hypertension and hypertension were also higher in Brazil than in Spanish, 68% vs 32% and 60% vs 40%, respectively. Association between shorter duration of EBF and higher prevalence of hypertension in childhood, was observed in the two samples. Regarding the association between diet quality and blood pressure values, this was only significant in the Brazilian sample, but not in Spanish. DISCUSSION: in both samples a protective effect of breastfeeding on blood pressure was observed, however when comparing the two samples appear to be a contradiction since the Brazilian children were breastfed for longer than the Spaniards but their Pressure Arterial values and the Hypertension prevalence were higher in the Spanish sample. This contradiction is resolved by controlling the effect of feeding in infancy. The food quality of Brazilian children is worse than that of Spaniards, mainly due to a higher consumption of processed foods very high in sodium content. CONCLUSION: the possible protective effect of breastfeeding, is reduced at later stages of the life cycle if food habit are not appropriate or do not meet minimum quality requirements. Therefore, although breastfeeding plays an important role in preventing the development of hypertension in children is not enough to support the practice of breastfeeding but prevention work is ongoing and should insist on eating habits and promote healthy lifestyles throughout the entire life cycle of people.

Introducción: la relación entre alimentación temprana y presión arterial en etapas posteriores de la vida todavía se muestra incierta y, a veces, contradictoria. Algunas investigaciones apuntan hacia el efecto protector de la lactancia materna sobre la enfermedad cardiovascular, mientras que otras no obtienen resultados concluyentes. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre patrones de lactancia durante los primeros meses de vida y tensión arterial en la infancia, en dos muestras de niños y niñas procedentes de dos poblaciones con características socioculturales diferentes, controlando el efecto de la calidad de la alimentación en la infancia. Métodos: el estudio, de diseño transversal y retrospectivo, se realizó con 492 escolares de edades comprendidas entre los 8 y los 10 años, y se compone de dos muestras, ambas recogidas en colegios públicos, una en Madrid (España) y otra en Vitória, Espírito Santo (Brasil). Resultados: el 90% de la muestra fue amamantado en algún momento, 196 (44,2%) en Madrid y 247 (55,7%) en Vitória/ES. La duración media de la lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) en Madrid fue de 12,89 semanas (std=9,6) y en Vitória/ES de 22,00 semanas (std= 13,4), siendo estas diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Los valores medios de presión arterial sistólica, diastólica y media fueron significativamente superiores en la muestra brasileña. La prevalencia de hipertensión limítrofe y de hipertensión también fue mayor en la muestra brasileña que en la española, 68% vs 32% y 60% vs 40%, respectivamente. En las dos muestras se observó asociación entre una duración más corta de LME y mayor prevalencia de hipertensión en la infancia. Con respecto a la asociación entre calidad de la alimentación y valores de presión arterial, esta fue solo significativa en la muestra brasileña, pero no en la española. Discusión: en ambas muestras se observa un efecto protector de la LM sobre la presión arterial; sin embar go, al comparar las dos muestras parece verse una contradicción, puesto que los niños y niñas brasileños son amamantados durante más tiempo que los españoles y sin embargo sus valores de presión arterial y su prevalencia de hipertensión, son mayores que en la muestra española. Esta aparente contradicción se resuelve al controlar el efecto de la calidad de la alimentación actual: los niños y niñas brasileños tienen peor calidad de la alimentación y, además, una de las características de su dieta es el consumo elevado de alimentos muy procesados y ricos en sodio. Conclusión: el posible efecto protector de la LM queda reducido si la alimentación en etapas posteriores del ciclo vital no es la adecuada o no reúne unos requisitos mínimos de calidad. Por lo tanto, aunque la lactancia materna juega un papel importante en la prevención de la aparición de hipertensión en la infancia, no basta con apoyar la práctica del amamantamiento, sino que el trabajo de prevención es continuo y se debe insistir en potenciar hábitos de alimentación y estilos de vida saludables a lo largo de todo el ciclo vital de las personas.

Relación entre patrones de lactancia materna y tensión arterial en escolares brasileños y españoles / Relationship between patterns of breastfeeding and blood pressure in Brazilian and Spanish schoolchildren

Introducción: la relación entre alimentación temprana y presión arterial en etapas posteriores de la vida todavía se muestra incierta y, a veces, contradictoria. Algunas investigaciones apuntan hacia el efecto protector de la lactancia materna sobre la enfermedad cardiovascular, mientras que otras no obtienen resultados concluyentes. Objetivos: el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la relación entre patrones de lactancia durante los primeros meses de vida y tensión arterial en la infancia, en dos muestras de niños y niñas procedentes de dos poblaciones con características socioculturales diferentes, controlando el efecto de la calidad de la alimentación en la infancia. Métodos: el estudio, de diseño transversal y retrospectivo, se realizó con 492 escolares de edades comprendidas entre los 8 y los 10 años, y se compone de dos muestras, ambas recogidas en colegios públicos, una en Madrid (España) y otra en Vitória, Espírito Santo (Brasil). Resultados: el 90% de la muestra fue amamantado en algún momento, 196 (44,2%) en Madrid y 247 (55,7%) en Vitória/ES. La duración media de la lactancia materna exclusiva (LME) en Madrid fue de 12,89 semanas (std=9,6) y en Vitória/ES de 22,00 semanas (std= 13,4), siendo estas diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Los valores medios de presión arterial sistólica, diastólica y media fueron significativamente superiores en la muestra brasileña. La prevalencia de hipertensión limítrofe y de hipertensión también fue mayor en la muestra brasileña que en la española, 68% vs 32% y 60% vs 40%, respectivamente. En las dos muestras se observó asociación entre una duración más corta de LME y mayor prevalencia de hipertensión en la infancia. Con respecto a la asociación entre calidad de la alimentación y valores de presión arterial, esta fue solo significativa en la muestra brasileña, pero no en la española. Discusión: en ambas muestras se observa un efecto protector de la LM sobre la presión arterial; sin embargo, al comparar las dos muestras parece verse una contradicción, puesto que los niños y niñas brasileños son amamantados durante más tiempo que los españoles y sin embargo sus valores de presión arterial y su prevalencia de hipertensión, son mayores que en la muestra española. Esta aparente contradicción se resuelve al controlar el efecto de la calidad de la alimentación actual: los niños y niñas brasileños tienen peor calidad de la alimentación y, además, una de las características de su dieta es el consumo elevado de alimentos muy procesados y ricos en sodio. Conclusión: el posible efecto protector de la LM queda reducido si la alimentación en etapas posteriores del ciclo vital no es la adecuada o no reúne unos requisitos mínimos de calidad. Por lo tanto, aunque la lactancia materna juega un papel importante en la prevención de la aparición de hipertensión en la infancia, no basta con apoyar la práctica del amamantamiento, sino que el trabajo de prevención es continuo y se debe insistir en potenciar hábitos de alimentación y estilos de vida saludables a lo largo de todo el ciclo vital de las personas (AU)

Introduction: the relationship between early feeding and blood pressure in later life is still uncertain and sometimes contradictory. Some studies point to the protective effect of breastfeeding on cardiovascular disease, while others do not obtain conclusive results. Objectives: the aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between breastfeeding patterns during the first months of life and blood pressure in childhood, in two samples of children from two populations with different socio-cultural characteristics, controlling for quality feeding in infancy. Methods: the study, with a transversal and retrospective design, was conducted with 492 schoolchildren aged between 8 and 10 years, it consists of two samples, both collected from public schools, one in Madrid (Spain) and one in Vitoria, Espirito Santo (Brazil). Results: ninety percent of the sample was breastfed, 196 (44.2%) from Madrid and 247 (55.7%) from Vitória/ES. The average duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) in Madrid was 12.89 weeks (std = 9.6) and in Vitória/ES, 22.00 weeks (std = 13.4), with statistically significant differences. The mean values of systolic and dyastolic blood pressure, were significantly higher in the Brazilian sample. The prevalences of borderline hypertension and hypertension were also higher in Brazil than in Spanish, 68% vs 32% and 60% vs 40%, respectively. Association between shorter duration of EBF and higher prevalence of hypertension in childhood, was observed in the two samples. Regarding the association between diet quality and blood pressure values, this was only significant in the Brazilian sample, but not in Spanish. Discussion: in both samples a protective effect of breastfeeding on blood pressure was observed, however when comparing the two samples appear to be a contradiction since the Brazilian children were breastfed for longer than the Spaniards but their Pressure Arterial values and the Hypertension prevalence were higher in the Spanish sample. This contradiction is resolved by controlling the effect of feeding in infancy. The food quality of Brazilian children is worse than that of Spaniards, mainly due to a higher consumption of processed foods very high in sodium content. Conclusion: the possible protective effect of breastfeeding, is reduced at later stages of the life cycle if food habit are not appropriate or do not meet minimum quality requirements. Therefore, although breastfeeding plays an important role in preventing the development of hypertension in children is not enough to support the practice of breastfeeding but prevention work is ongoing and should insist on eating habits and promote healthy lifestyles throughout the entire life cycle of people (AU)

Coffee Consumption, Newly Diagnosed Diabetes, and Other Alterations in Glucose Homeostasis: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

INTRODUCTION: Observational studies have reported fairly consistent inverse associations between coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, but this association has been little investigated with regard to lesser degrees of hyperglycemia and other alterations in glucose homeostasis. Additionally, the association between coffee consumption and diabetes has been rarely investigated in South American populations. We examined the cross-sectional relationships of coffee intake with newly diagnosed diabetes and measures of glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion, in a large Brazilian cohort of middle-aged and elderly individuals. METHODS: We used baseline data from 12,586 participants of the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations between coffee consumption and newly diagnosed diabetes. Analysis of covariance was used to assess coffee intake in relation to two-hour glucose from an oral glucose tolerance test, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, fasting and -2-hour postload insulin and measures of insulin sensitivity. RESULTS: We found an inverse association between coffee consumption and newly diagnosed diabetes, after adjusting for multiple covariates [23% and 26% lower odds of diabetes for those consuming coffee 2-3 and >3 times per day, respectively, compared to those reporting never or almost never consuming coffee, (p = .02)]. An inverse association was also found for 2-hour postload glucose [Never/almost never: 7.57 mmol/L, ≤1 time/day: 7.48 mmol/L, 2-3 times/day: 7.22 mmol/L, >3 times/day: 7.12 mol/L, p<0.0001] but not with fasting glucose concentrations (p = 0.07). Coffee was additionally associated with 2-hour postload insulin [Never/almost never: 287.2 pmol/L, ≤1 time/day: 280.1 pmol/L, 2-3 times/day: 275.3 pmol/L, >3 times/day: 262.2 pmol/L, p = 0.0005) but not with fasting insulin concentrations (p = .58). CONCLUSION: Our present study provides further evidence of a protective effect of coffee on risk of adult-onset diabetes. This effect appears to act primarily, if not exclusively, through postprandial, as opposed to fasting, glucose homeostasis.

Síndrome metabólica em motoristasprofissionais de transporte decargas especiais nas rodovias doEspírito Santo / Metabolic syndrome in truckdrivers of special loadstransportation in es highways

Introdução: Mudanças no modo de vida têm impacto diretono processo saúde- doença, especialmente no âmbito do trabalho emturnos e com alta carga de estresse. Fundamento: O conhecimento sobreSíndrome Metabólica (SM) na população em geral e em classes de trabalhadoresainda é escasso, embora seja fundamental para a compreensãodo risco cardiovascular na população. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalênciade SM e fatores associados em motoristas de carreta de transportesde cargas especiais. Métodos: Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos,bioquímicos, antropométricos, hemodinâmicos e relativos ao processode trabalho. A prevalência de SM foi identificada conforme critérios doNational Cholesterol Education Program?s Adult Treatment Panel III e, para avaliara associação das variáveis estudadas com SM, foi utilizada a Razão deChances (OR) e a regressão logística. O nível de significância foi estabelecidoem ?=0,05. Resultados: Foram estudados 213 motoristas com idademédia de 35,6±8,1 anos. A prevalência de SM foi 18,8%, não associadasignificativamente à idade. A maior proporção de diagnóstico de SM foiobservada entre os classificados como obesos. Conclusão: O processode trabalho desse grupo interfere sobremaneira na qualidade e estilo devida adotado, favorecendo a elevada prevalência de sobrepeso e SM nostrabalhadores, além de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular.

Introduction: Changes in the wayof live has direct impact in the process of healthdisease, especially in the shifts and high stressingjobs.Background: The knowledge of MetabolicSyndrome (MS) in the average populationand in the workers classes is still scarce, evenif it is fundamental for comprehension of theCardiovascular risk in the population. Objective:To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome(MS) and associated factors in especial loads truckdrivers. Methods: We collected socioeconomic,biochemical, anthropometric, hemodynamic andwork process related data. The MS prevalence wasidentified using National Cholesterol EducationProgram?s Adult Treatment Panel III criteria andto evaluate the combination of variables with MSthe Reason of Chances (AB) and logistic regressionwere used. The level of significance establishedwas ?= 0.05. Results: We studied 213 driverswith an average age of 35.6 ± 8.1 years. The MSprevalence was 18.8%, not significantly related toage. The largest proportion of MS diagnosis wasobserved among those classified as obese. Conclusion:The studied group working process interferesconsiderably in quality and life style adopted,favouring the high prevalence of overweight and MSin workers, besides other cardiovascular risk factors.

Evolução do preenchimento da variável raça/cor no sistema de informação sobre mortalidade Vitória/ES de 1996 a 2005 / Evolution in the completion of race/ color in System of information on mortality ? Vitória/ES From 1996 to 2005

Objetivo: Analisar a evolução no preenchimento da raça/cor noSIM de 1996 a 2005, em Vitória/ES. Metodologia: Foram analisados dados demortalidade do Brasil, Espírito Santo e Vitória, contidos no SIM/DATASUS, de1996 a 2005. Calculou-se a freqüência relativa dos óbitos com a variável raça/cor ignorada para cada local e foram compostas séries dos anos em questãoem gráficos de barra, contendo, no eixo X, os anos e, no eixo Y, o percentualde óbitos com raça/cor ignorada. Resultados: Há desigualdade quanto à disponibilidadeda informação raça/cor entre os locais envolvidos. Em 2005, essesvalores atingiram no Brasil 8%; na Região Sudeste 6%; no Espírito Santo 25%.Vitória apresenta menor percentual de não informação, quando comparada como Espírito Santo (16%). Conclusão: A informação raça/cor vem melhorandonos últimos anos, embora não homogeneamente. Além disso, a utilização dessedado contribui para o fortalecimento do SIM e aprimoramento dos dados sociodemográficoscontidos na Declaração de Óbito (DO).

Objective: Examine theevolution in the filling of race/color on SIM from1996 to 2005, in Vitória/ES. Metodology: Weanalyzed the death rate from Brazil, EspíritoSanto and Vitória, contained in SIM/DATASUS,from 1996 to 2005. The relative frequencyof deaths with race/color ignored was calculated foreach place and this information was turned into bargraphs, with the X axis displaying the years whilethe Y axis displayed the percentage of deaths withrace/color ignored. Results: There is an unequalavailability of information about race/colorbetween the places involved. In 2005, these valuesreached 8% in Brazil, 6% in the southeast and25% in Espírito Santo. Vitória shows the smallerpercentage of non-information when compared toEspírito Santo (16%). Conclusion: The race/colorinformation has improved in the last few years,although not equally. Moreover, the use of this datacontributes to strengthen SIM and to improve thesocio-demographic data contained in the DO

[Hypertension and salt intake in an urban population]. / Hipertensão arterial e consumo de sal em população urbana.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the salt intake and urinary Na+/K+ ratio in a randomized sample from an ethnically mixed urban population. METHODS: A randomized residential sample of 2,268 individuals aged 25-64 in Vit ria, ES, was selected, of whom 1,663 (73.3%) reported to the hospital for standardized tests. Salt, Na+ and K+ intake was estimated from 12-hour urine excretion (7 p.m. to 7 a.m.) and from the monthly salt consumption at home reported in the interview. Clinic arterial pressure was measured twice under standard conditions by two trained investigators, using mercury sphygmomanometry. The Student t and Tukey tests were utilized for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Urinary Na+ excretion was higher in men and individuals of lower socioeconomic level (P<0.000). No difference between ethnic groups was observed. K+ excretion was unrelated to socioeconomic level and ethnicity, but was significantly higher among men (25 18 vs. 22 18 mEq/12h; P=0.002). Positive linear correlation was observed between urinary Na+ excretion and systolic (r=0.15) and diastolic (r=0.19) arterial pressure. Hypertensive individuals showed higher urinary Na+ excretion and Na+/K+ ratio than normotensive individuals. Reported salt intake was around 50% of the intake estimated from 12-hour urine collection (around 45% of 24-hour urinary excretion). CONCLUSIONS: Salt intake is strongly influenced by socioeconomic level and may partially explain the higher prevalence of hypertension in lower socioeconomic classes.

Hipertensäo arterial e consumo de sal em populaçäo urbana / Hypertension and salt intake in an urban population

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo de sal e a relaçäo sódio/potássio urinário em amostra randomizada de populaçäo urbana etnicamente miscigenada. MÉTODOS: Foi selecionada uma amostra randômica de 2.268 residentes de Vitória, ES, entre 25 e 64 anos de idade. Os indivíduos foram escolhidos por amostragem domiciliar realizada em 1999/2000, dos quais 1.663 (73,3 por cento) compareceram ao hospital para a realizaçäo de exames padronizados. O consumo estimado de sal, Na+ e K+ foi determinado por meio da coleta de urina de 12h no período noturno (19h às 7h) e do gasto mensal de sal domiciliar referido durante a entrevista. A pressäo arterial clínica foi medida duas vezes por diferentes pesquisadores treinados em condições padronizadas, usando esfignomamômetro de mercúrio. Para análise estatística foram utilizados o teste de Student e o teste de Tukey. RESULTADOS: A excreçäo urinária de Na+ foi mais alta em homens e em indivíduos de menores condições socioeconômicas (P<0,000). Näo foi observada diferença entre os grupos étnicos. A excreçäo de K+ näo se relacionou com nível socioeconômico e raça, mas foi significativamente mais alta entre os homens (25í18 x 22í18 mEq/12h; P=0,002). Foi observada uma correlaçäo linear positiva entre a excreçäo urinária de Na+ e pressäo arterial sistólica (r=0,15) e diastólica (r=0,19). Indivíduos hipertensos apresentaram maior excreçäo urinária de Na+ e relaçäo Na/K, quando comparados com indivíduos normotensos. O consumo de sal relatado foi aproximadamente 50 por cento do consumo estimado pela excreçäo urinária de 12h (em torno de 45 por cento da excreçäo urinária de 24h). CONCLUSÕES: A ingestäo de sal é fortemente influenciada pelo nível socioeconômico e pode, parcialmente, explicar a alta prevalência de hipertensäo arterial nas classes socioeconômicas mais baixas.

Condiçoes de saúde e nutrição infantil em favelas de Belo Horizonte / Health status and child nutrition in poverty areas in Belo Horizonte

Estudo dos mecanismos de causalidade da desnutrição energético-protéica e da anemia, bem como sua magnitude em crianças menores de seis anos de idade, procedentes de dois aglomerados de favelas da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. O processo de urbanização e favelização é analisado como determinante da deterioração das condiçoes de saúde e nutrição de crianças faveladas. A metodologia de diagnóstico de saúde e nutrição infantil dá ênfase às formas de aproximação da comunidade no sentido de obter colaboração e participação. A discussão dos resultados encontrados sugere que a deterioração do estado nutricional, não é unicamente devida à disponibilidade de alimentos e conclui que, para boas condiçoes de saúde e nutrição, devem ser colocadas em prática intervençoes nutricionais apropriadas relacionadas com a atenção integral à criança.